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① 指代人 (也就是引导修饰人的定语从句) 的关系代词who, whom, that，其中who和that既可以作主语也可以做宾语，whom只可以作宾语。作表语只用that。如：
The police officer who / that had ruled out the possibility of murder was very experienced.(who / that作定语从句的主语)
The boy who(m) / that they found missing was called Justin Foster.(who / whom / that作定语从句的谓语动词found的宾语)
Tom is not the small boy that he used to be. (that在从句中作表语)
② 指代事物(也就是引导修饰事物的定语从句) 的关系代词which和that，两者都既可以作主语也可以做宾语。That还可作表语。如：
The spaceship that / which moved around to the side of the house gave off very bright lights.(that / which作定语从句的主语)
Water, without which humans couldn’t live, is the most valuable resouce on the earth.(which作定语从句中的介词without的宾语)
This place is not the village that it was ten years ago.(that在从句中作表语)
(2) 关系限定词whose，在定语从句中作定语，指代“名词先行词’s”或物主限定词his, her等，引导修饰人(间或为事物，此时可用whose可被of which替代)的定语从句。如：
The strange-looking man whose eyes were large and black walked over to Justin.(whose作eyes的定语，指代the strange-looking man’s，从句修饰人)
The house whose windows we have just fixed were broken into by burglars.(whose作 windows的定语，指代the house’s，从句修饰事物)
(3) 关系副词where, when和why，在定语从句中作状语，相当于“介词+地点名词先行词/时间名词先行词/原因名词先行词”，各自引导修饰这些名词的定语从句。如：
The mountain where the volcano lies is not far from here.(where在从句中作谓语动词lies的状语，相当于in the mountain从句修饰the mountain)
The days when people felt content with a simple life are forever gone.(when在从句中作谓语动词felt的状语，相当于in the days，从句修饰the days)
He gave us no reason why he took the job.(why在从句中作谓语动词took的状语，相当于for the reason，从句修饰reason)
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