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(三)学会利用主题句理解英语阅读理解题
最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的,而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括,这个能概括文章或段落中 心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此,理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点:(1)概括性强,表述的意思比较概括。 (2)结构简单,句子结构较简单,多数都不采用长、难句的形式。(3)受它支撑,段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。在一篇短 文或一个段落中,大部分主题句的位置情况有三种:
1.主题句在段首或篇首
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文、议论文大都采用先总述、后分述的叙事方法。例如:
Tea bag drinking is most Westerns’ favorite way of drinking tea. Do you know how it came about?
The tea bag was invented in 1908 by Thomas Sullivan,an American tea seller.He was sending out free tea in silk(丝绸) bags for people to try.People put the bags together with the tea leaves into the cup and added hot water.The tea tasted good,and people thought it was easy to clean the cup.They were not happy when Sullivan started sending them loose(散的) tea again...
第一段即是主题句。这个句子概括了本文的中心意思:The history of tea bags,后面讲述了一个故事说明“Tea bags”的产生。
2.主题句在段末或篇末
用归纳法写文章时,往往表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者所得出的结论。例如:
Reading is a good habit,but the problem is,there’s too much to read these days,and too little time to read every word of it.There are hundreds of skills to help you read more in less time.Here are two skills that I think are especially good.
这段文章开头肯定了阅读是个好习惯。第二句提出阅读时间的问题。于是,作者提出解决这个问题的方法,首段段末的这个句子“Here are two skills that I think are especially good.”就是主题句。
3.无主题句
有时,一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时考生应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢?其实这也不难。可以首先找出每一段的中心意思,各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的,或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
(四)学会猜测阅读理解题中的生词词义
词汇是阅读理解的基础。考生必须掌握教材中所学的所有单词和词组,了解构词法知识,如熟记一些常见的前缀、后缀,以及词语的合成和转化等,并且要进 行大量的课外阅读扩大自己的词汇量。阅读需要一定的词汇量,同时在大量阅读的同时,不仅可以复习学过的词汇,还可以扩大自己的词汇量。尽管如此,在阅读中 还是不可避免会遇到生词或者熟词生义,在英语阅读理解试题中猜测词义是必不可少的,因此,考生必须学会如何猜测词义。任何一个词语,在一定的上下文中只能 表示一个确定的词义。据此,考生可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义,即从已知推求未知,也就是用熟悉的词或短语来猜测不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时,可以 从以下几个方面来考虑:
1.根据定义或解释猜测词义
When I first studied English,I was told to say,“I am fine” when people say “How are you?” But in the US,I found that people say,“I am good” or “I’m tired”.
One day,someone greeted me with “What’s up?”It made me confused.I thought for a moment and then smiled because I didn’t know what to say.
What does the word “confused” in the second paragraph mean in Chinese?
A.困惑 B.憧憬 C.悲痛 D.后悔
在这篇文章里,“confused”虽然是一个新单词,但紧接着后面就给出解释“I thought for a moment and then smiled because I didn’t know what to say.”根据这一解释,我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。
2.根据情景和逻辑进行判断
A recent survey shows that in modern society,most people pick up practical goals,such as “earning money to buy a house and a car”,“to improve one’s life quality”,“finding a good job”.
The Chinese meaning of the phrase “life quality” is ________.
根据文章所提供的事实,在当今社会大多数人选择现实的生活目标,例如“赚钱买房和买车,找好工作”,可以推出“to improve one’s life quality”意思是“提高生活质量”。
3.根据同义词或反义词关系猜测词义
If you want to be a musician,you usually have to move to an area that has a lot of jobs,such as New York City.The cost of living in these areas is usually very high.The third disadvantage is that you can’t have a stable family life.Different jobs will take a musician to different places,so most musicians are unable to have a regular family.
What does the underlined word “stable” mean in Chinese?
A.幸福的 B.稳定的 C.健康的 D. 和睦的
从后一句话说“Different jobs will take a musician to different places,so most musicians are unable to have a regular family.”,从句中的“different places”和“regular”可判断B为正确答案。
(五)学会应对阅读理解中的细节题和推理题
1.做细节事实题的方法
在阅读理解题中,有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点:
(1)凡属针对特定细节的考题,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语,也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子,但句式、用词和表达方式不同。
(2)干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂,正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂,甚至真假混杂。因此,要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目,一要在文章中找出相应的信息点,二要排除干扰项。
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