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热点语法聚焦

1. 非谓语动词的完成式having done的用法

非谓语动词的完成式having done表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。其否定式为not having done。如:

Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.

Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.

分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间,-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如:

He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter.

The question being discussed is very important.

2. 非谓语动词的-ing形式和to do形式的区别

有些动词既能接不定式,又能接-ing形式,含义有所不同。如:

(1) forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作,而后接-ing形式作宾语表示动名词动作先于谓语动作。如:

Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗?

Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。

(2) 动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接动名词和接不定式作宾语,意思也有所不同。如:

I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。

Missing the train means waiting for another hour.

误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。

(3) 动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing形式作宾语,不可以接动词不定式作宾语,但可接不定式作宾语补足语。如:

Please permit me to say a few words.请允许我说几句话。

We don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。

(4) 动词need, require, want作"需要"解时,后面接-ing分词或不定式被动式。如:

These little children require looking after carefully / to be looked after carefully.

这些小孩需要细心地照料。

(5) 动词like, hate, prefer等后面,如表示一般性动作,多用-ing形式;如指特定的具体的某次动作,多用不定式。如:

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you.

我喜欢游泳,但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。

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