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(3)to be doing / to have done / to have been done / to have been doing:
A.意义：与主要动作完全同时(正在进行);主动关系/先于主要动作发生;主动关系/先于主要动作发生;被动关系/在主要动作之前开始一直延续到主要动作或者在主要动作之前某一点时刻正在发生;主动关系
B.句法功能：
这四种形式的不定式一般只和固定搭配中使用，如：seem/appear/pretend/be likely/be said/be
thought/be considered/ be reported/be believed /be supposed / turn out /mean/intend等+不定式
C.例句：They pretended to be fighting when the police passed by. = They pretended that they were fighting…
They are said to have cloned animals before. = It’s said that they have cloned…
She is likely to have been trained as a zoo keeper. = It’s likely that she was trained as a zoo keeper.
She is reported to have been working on the plan these days. = It’s reported that she has been working on…
2)–ing分词
(1)doing
A.意义：与主要动作相比是同时关系，有时候表示是一个泛指动作;主动关系(表示泛指动作时是动作发出者是泛指的任何人)
B.句法功能：
可作除谓语之外的任何成分(主，宾，表，定，状，宾补)
C.例句：Praising children can work better than criticizing them.(主/宾，泛指动作) Teachers enjoy pointing out their students’ mistakes. (宾) Seeing is believing.(主/表，泛指动作) scientists pushing ahead with the research(定) Using up the Earth’s coal and oil reserves, the human race has to find alternative energy.(状) Keep the ball rolling(宾补)
(2)being done
A.意义：时间关系同doing。被动关系。
B.句法功能：主，宾，表，定，状，宾补
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