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“泛指”与“特指”的多种表达说起“泛指”,我们马上想起不定冠词(a/an),其实不带冠词的不可数名词和复数名词都可以表“泛指”, 有些表“不定”概念的限定词(another, some, a few, most, enough, hundreds of, plenty of等 )也可以充当这个作用。例如:
I want to buy a book/some books. Books are of great use. Air is all around us.
I will stay there for a few days/another few days.
“特指”经常由定冠词(the)或表“特定”概念的限定词(物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等)来充当。假如将“中国的第二大河流”说成 “China’s the second longest river” 是不妥当的, 因为China’s 和the 在“特指”的概念上是重复的。“那个门破了的教室”既可以译成 “the classroom whose door is broken”也可以说成 “the classroom the door of which is broken”,因为 “door” 前应该有个表“特指”的限定词。同样,“with one’s help/ take one’s place” 可能在另一场合会变成“with the help of/ take the place of”。
在表达“倍数”时,我们常常看到这样一个公式:“倍数 + the + 名词(size/height/ length) + of ”。如果把它改为“倍数 + 表特指的名词/代词”就可以更好理解的下面的句子了:
① The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. (that=the size)
② I offer ten times the money that Antonia has borrowed. =I offer ten times what Antonia has borrowed. (what=the money that 定语从句)
③ You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.(their weight=the weight of rats)
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