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英语中的倒装结构不仅是各类考试的重点，也是我们在阅读理解中正确理解句意的关键，同时也是为写作增色的措施之一。因此，我们有必要掌握其结构和用法。
定义：将谓语的一部分或全部置于主语之前的语序叫做倒装语序。倒装可分为两种：将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装(complete inversion);只将be动词、情态动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。
【要点】
用于倒装的几种情况：
1. 带有否定或办否定意义的词或短语置于句首时;
2. 当only, so, often等副词位于句首时;
3. 表示上文的状况也适合于另外一人或事时;
4. 当方位副词置于句首时。
【内容】
Ⅰ部分倒装
用于部分倒装的情况有：带有否定意义的词或短语置于句首引起的倒装、only, often, so等副词置于句首引起的倒装、表示上文的状况也适合于另外一人或事的句型中。
1.否定的词或表示否定(或半否定)意义的词或短语位于句首时，句子需部分倒装。例如：not, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, scarcely, few, never, nowhere, no longer, no more, not often, etc.
Never did he speak about his own merits. 他从不讲自己的功绩。
2.在含有否定词的句型中，若否定词位于句首，前半句部分倒装，后半句不到装。例如：hardly…when, no sooner… than, scarcely…when(这三个句型中前半句要用过去完成时，后半句用一般过去式)， not only…but also, not until…, neither…nor, etc.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他一到家，她就抱怨起来。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他一回到家就又走了。
Seldom does he go to see his uncle.他极少去看他的叔叔。
☆ ①只有当not only…but also…连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句使用倒装结构;如果它连接的是两个并列的主语则不需倒装。例如：
Not only you but also I like playing chess.
②neither…nor…在句首时，前后两句都需倒装。例如：
Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.我和丈夫都没有姐妹。
3.含有否定意义的介词短语位于句首时，句子需要部分倒装。例如：by no means, at no time, in no case, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, on no occasion, etc.
In no way can he solve the problem if he hesitates.假如他犹豫他就不可能解决问题。
At no time shall a student cheat at his exam.学生任何时候都不允许考试作弊。
4. 当only, so, often等副词位于句首时，句子需部分倒装。
Only when he works harder can Tom pass the exam.汤姆只有更加努力学习才能通过考试。
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.
他说话声大得隔壁的人都能听见。
5. 由so, neither, nor指代前面一句的内容，表示“也是或也不“的意义时，通常位于句首并引起倒装。例如：
Henry can’t speak French. Nor (neither) can Jack (speak).亨利不会讲法语，杰克也不会讲。
6. 由were, had, should等开头的虚拟条件句(即省略了if的虚拟条件句)中，也需要部分倒装( 详见第二节 虚拟语气)。
7. 当as/though等引导的分句中的形容词、分词、副词强调时，一般采取倒装结构为：形容词/分词/副词+as/though +主语+谓语。
Strong as he is, he cannot lift the big stone.尽管他很强壮，他仍然举不起这块大石头。
8. 当以下几种状语置于句首表示强调时，一般可以采用部分倒装。
频度状语：often，many a time, every day, now and then等。
方式状语：gladly, well, with every satisfaction, with good reason等。
程度状语：especially, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such extremes, to such length, to such a point等。
Many a time has he given me good advice.
他曾多次给我好建议。
Ⅱ全部倒装
1. 当here, there, out, in, up, down, away, in, out, off等表示方向、地点的状语置于句首，而谓语又是表示运动或存在的动词时，句子的主语、谓语通常全部倒装。例如：
Following the roar, out rush a tiger from the forest.
一声吼叫之后，一只老虎从树林中冲了出来。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
Here is a ticket for you.这里有你一张票。
2. there be 句型是一种全部倒装结构。例如：
Something must be wrong.→There must be something wrong.肯定是出了什么事。
No one was waiting. →There was no one waiting.没人在等。
又是为了生动地描写事物， 其它一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于此句型。这些动词有：exist, lie, stand, live, remain, appear, come, happen, occur, rise等。例如：
There exist different opinions on this question. 在这个问题上存在不同观点。
3.由now, then, thus, hence，引导的句子，习惯上主谓全部倒装，其谓语通常是不带助动词或情态动词的不及物动词，如be, come, go, follow, run 等( 如果主语是代词，则不需倒装)。
Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。
4. 有是为了强调或平衡句子，将表语或分词前置也构成全部倒装。例如：Seated in the cinema are the workers from the watch factory.
坐在电影院里的是手表厂的工人。
【模拟题范例】
1. George didn’t like the new boss, and ___________.
A. and so she has B. neither did she C. and so has she D. but she has
2. Hardly ___________ when a loud explosion was heard.
A. the rain had started B. the train had been started
C. had the train started D. the train started
3. Much _______ I admired his courage, I didn’t think he acted wisely.
A. as B. like C. for D. do
4. So ______ after she learned the good news that she could hardly fall asleep that night.
A. excited the mother was B. was the mother excited
C. the mother was excited D. excited was the mother
5. _________ got in the wheat than it began to rain.
A. No sooner have they B. No sooner had they
C. No sooner they have D. No sooner they had
6. Not until quite recently _________ any idea of what a guided rocket is like.
A. did I have B. do I have C. should I have D. would I have
7. Seldom _______ any mistakes during my past five years of service here.
A. would I make B. I did make C. should I make D. did I make
8. So little ________ that the neighbor couldn’t settle their differences.
A. did they agree B. they agree C. agree did they D. they did agree
9. Only when you have collected sufficient evidence _______ come to a sound conclusion.
A. can you B. you will C. didn’t you D. were you
10. By no means _______ ready to retire.
A. will she B. she will C. she is D. is she
【参考答案与解析】
1. 【答案】B 当so, neither或 nor位于句首时，句子需用倒装结构。句意为“乔治不喜欢他的新老板，她也一样。
2. 【答案】C 从属连词no sooner…than, scarcely … when, hardly… when表示“一……就”的概念，该句型通常采用部分倒装的形式。全句的意思是：“火车刚一启动人们就听到了巨大的爆炸声。”
3. 【答案】A 由as引导的让步状语从句常采用倒装结构。全句意为：“尽管我佩服他的勇气，但我认为他的行为并不理智。”
4. 【答案】D 在so + 形容词/ 副词的结构中，通常采用部分倒装的形式，全句意为：“母亲听到这个好消息激动得彻夜难眠。”
5. 【答案】B No sooner…than…结构中，主句需部分倒装，从句用过去式，主句用过去完成时。句意为：“他们刚收完小麦，天就下雨了。”
6. 【答案】A Not until位于句首，句子需用部分倒装的形式，且主句与从句的时态要呼应，故选A。
7. 【答案】D 否定或半否定的副词放在句首引起句子部分倒装。句意为：“在过去五年的服务中，我几乎没有出过什么错。”
8. 【答案】A 在“so…that…”句型中，当so位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。
9. 【答案】A 当only + 状语位于句首表示强调时，句子需要倒装。
10. 【答案】D 当否定词或表示否定意义的词、短语位于句首时，句子需要部分倒装。句意为：“他没有退休的准备。”
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