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【高频考点】
1. Conversational implicature会话含义
It means the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
2. The cooperative principle合作原则
(1) Violation of maxim of quantity违反数量原则
① Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).
② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
E.g. War is war. [War is cruel.] 战争就是战争。(战争很残酷)
(2)Violation of maxim of quality违反质量原则
① Do not say what you believe to be false.
② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
E.g. Paul is made of iron. [Paul has some properties similar to those of iron.]
违反质量准则，因为很显然没有人是由钢铁做成的。但人们也能知道其会话含义。
(3) Violation of maxim of relation违反关系原则
Make your contributions relevant.
E.g. A: How do you like my painting?
B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I'm afraid. [I don't like it at all]
这组对话中，很显然B没有直接回答A的问题，违反了关系准则，然而A也能立刻推知B不喜欢A的画。
(4) Violation of maxim of manner违反方式原则
① Avoid obscurity of expression. ② Avoid ambiguity.
③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). ④ Be orderly.
E.g. A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
在这组对话中，B故意违反了方式准则，为的是故意不让孩子们听懂他们在说什么。
【每日一练】
1. What maxim is flouted in such extreme example of tautologies as “Boys are boys”, and “Lies are lies”?
A. The maxim of quantity B. The maxim of quality
C. The maxim of relevance D. The maxim of manner
2. When any of the maxims under the Cooperative Principle is flouted on purpose, _____ might arise.
A. ambiguous structure B. contradictory proposition
C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicature
【答案】AD。
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